Korean Journal of Food Preservation
The Korean Society of Food Preservation
Research Note

한국과 중국에서 생산된 표고버섯의 다량, 미량 미네랄 및 유해 중금속 함량 비교

정희경1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6505-5454, 김경제1, 서경순1, 진성우1, 고영우1, 임승빈1, 하늘이1, 김중범2,*https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-2687
Hee-Gyeong Jeong1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6505-5454, Kyung-Je Kim1, Kyoung-Sun Seo1, Seong-Woo Jin1, Young-Woo Koh1, Seung-Bin Im1, Neul-I Ha1, Jung-Beom Kim2,*https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-2687
1(재)장흥군버섯산업연구원
2순천대학교
1Jangheung Research Institute for Mushroom Industry, Jangheung 59338, Korea
2Department of Food Science and Technology, Sunchon Nat’l University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
*Corresponding author. E-mail:okjbkim@sunchon.ac.kr, Phone:+82-61-750-3259, Fax:+82-61-750-3208

Copyright © The Korean Society of Food Preservation. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Jun 21, 2021; Revised: Jul 12, 2021; Accepted: Jul 28, 2021

Published Online: Aug 31, 2021

요약

표고는 한국, 중국, 남아시아 등에서 재배되고 있으나 원산지 판별에 관한 연구가 미약한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서 표고의 다량무기질, 미량무기질 및 중금속 함량을 분석하여 원산지와 비교 분석하였다. 13종의 국내산 표고버섯과 17종의 중국산 표고버섯의 무기질 함량은 원자흡광광도계와 유도결합플라즈마 질량분석기로 분석하였다. 국내산 표고의 Na, Mg, K 및 Ca 함량은 161.33 mg/kg, 746.22 mg/kg, 17,676.84 mg/kg, 50.50 mg/kg으로 분석되었으며, 중국산의 경우 310.69 mg/kg, 318.49 mg/kg, 11,182.01 mg/kg, 33.36 mg/kg으로 분석되었다. 국내산 표고의 Cr과 Cu 함량은 2.82 mg/kg, 12.955 mg/kg으로 분석되었으며, 중국산의 경우 77.13 mg/kg, 101.19 mg/kg로 분석되었다. 국내산과 중국산 표고 모두 유해 중금속 함량은 식품공전 기준규격 이내로 검출되었다. 연구 결과 국내산과 중국산 표고의 Na, Mg, K, Cr 함량이 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 따라서 표고의 원산지 판별을 위해 Na, Mg, K, Cr 함량에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

Abstract

Lentinula edodes, an edible mushroom, is mainly produced in Korea, China, and Southeast Asia. Thus, very few studies have reported the identification of the country origin of L. edodes samples. Herein, the macro mineral, trace mineral, and hazardous heavy metal contents of domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples were analyzed and their production countries were compared. The mineral contents of 13 domestic and 17 Chinese L. edodes samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The Na, Mg, K, and Ca contents in domestic L. edodes were determined to be 161.33, 746.22, 17,676.84, and 50.50 mg/kg, respectively, whereas those in Chinese L. edodes were 310.69, 318.49, 11,182.01, and 33.36 mg/kg, respectively. The Cr and Cu contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes were 2.82 and 77.13 mg/kg (Cr) and 12.955 and 101.19 mg/kg (Cu), respectively. The hazardous heavy metal contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes were determined to be within the levels recommended by the Korean Food Code. Taken together, our results reveal significant differences between Na, Mg, and K contents (p<0.001) and Cr content (p<0.01) in domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples. Thus, Na, Mg, K, and Cr contents may serve as basic data to determine the origin of domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples; further studies on the Na, Mg, K, and Cr contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples are needed for identifying the country origin of this mushroom.

Keywords: Lentinula edodes; macro mineral; trace mineral; hazardous heavy metal; production country

Introduction

Lentinula edodes belongs to the family omphalotaceae. It is an edible mushroom, similar to Sarcodon aspratus and Tricholoma matsutake (Jiang et al., 2013; Han et al., 2015). L. edodes is mainly produced in Korea, China, and southeast Asia, where it is reported to grow on pieces of wood and stubble, such as those of oak (Kim et al., 2003). L. edodes contains numerous nutrients, including proteins, vitamins, and minerals, as well as β-glucan, eritadenine, ergosterin, and lentinan (Hong et al., 1988).

The domestic production of L. edodes in Korea in 2016, 2017, and 2018 was 23,470 tons, 23,984 tons, and 22,255 tons, respectively. Developments in mushroom- cultivation technologies have resulted in increased mushroom production (Korean Forest Service, 2020; RDA, 2011). However, since the domestic production of this mushroom is unable to meet consumer demand in Korea, Chinese L. edodes are imported in large quantities (Bak et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2017), and these low-priced Chinese L. edodes samples are falsely sold as domestic products. L. edodes is reported as a product vulnerable to fraudulent sale, along with pork and red pepper powder (KREI, 2011). The origin of L. edodes is judged by the visual identification of several features, such as a hat-like shape and the condition of wrinkles (Lee et al., 2006); because such methods are not reliable, an accurate and objective method of identifying the country of origin of L. edodes is needed. However, thus far, studies have only performed the volatile fragrance component analysis and residual pesticide survey of L. edodes; very few studies have reported the identification of the country of origin of L. edodes (Hong et al., 1988; Kim et al., 2020).

Therefore, this study analyzed the contents of macro minerals, trace minerals, and hazardous heavy metals in domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples and compared the contents of these components to ascertain the differences observed according to the production country.

Material and methods

Lentinula edodes

In total, 13 domestic and 17 Chinese L. edodes samples were used in this study. L. edodes samples were randomly purchased from Jangheung in Korea (domestic L. edodes) and Korea Songi Trading Co. Ltd., Chilgok, Korea (Chinese L. edodes).

Sample treatment

The L. edodes samples were decomposed according to the microwave method recommended by the Korean Food Code (MFDS, 2020). Briefly, approximately 0.5 g of the dried mushroom sample was placed in the microwave digestion system, followed by decomposition using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide (Dong Woo Fine Chem. Co., Ltd., Iksan, Korea); finally, the samples were added with distilled water. The nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide solutions used for the treatment were of extra pure grade.

Verification of method

To verify the analytical method, a calibration curve was prepared using a standard solution, and the correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration curve was calculated. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated according to the International Conference on Harmonization for Registration of Pharmaceutical for Human Use (ICH) (Kim, 2020; ICH Steering Committee, 2014).

LOD = 3.3 × ( δ / S ) LOQ = 10 × ( δ / S )

δ: Standard deviation of the response

S: Slope of the calibration curve

The standard solution prepared at each concentration was added to the sample, and the accuracy and precision were measured three times. According to the ICH criteria, the accuracy range should lie within 80-120%, and the precision range should be within 20% (ICH Steering Committee, 2014).

Recovery  ( % ) = ( α / β ) × 100

α: Spiked concentration

β: Measuring concentration

Analysis of macro minerals

The contents of macro minerals such as Na, Mg, K, and Ca were analyzed in accordance with the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method specified by the Korean Food Code (MFDS, 2020). The conditions set for the analysis using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAnalyst 400, Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA) were fuel and oxidant flow at 2.0 L/min for C2H2 and 10.0 L/min for air. The analytical wavelengths for Na, Mg, K, and Ca were determined to be 589.00, 285.51, 766.49, and 422.67 nm, respectively.

Analysis of trace minerals and hazardous heavy metals

Trace minerals (Cr and Cu) and hazardous heavy metals (Cd and Pb) were analyzed in accordance with the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer method specified by the Korea Food Code (MFDS, 2020). The conditions set for the analysis using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (NexION 300 D, Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA) were as follows: RF power, 1,600 W and pulse stage voltage, 900 V. The flows of the Aux. and Neb. gases were 1.2 L/min and 1.02 L/min of argon, respectively. The mass spectra for Cr, Cu, Pb, and Cd were determined to be 51.941, 62.930, 207.977, and 110.904 m/z, respectively.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistics program (Statistical Package for the Social Science, Version 26.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to calculate the means and standard deviations. Significant differences were analyzed using independent sample t-tests or one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test.

Results and discussion

Verification of analytical methods

The accuracy, precision, correlation coefficient, LOD, and LOQ of the analyses of the contents of minerals and hazardous heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) are presented in Table 1. For the AAS analysis, the accuracy obtained was 94- 109%, the precision was within 20%, and the correlation coefficient was over 0.995. For the ICP/MS analysis, the accuracy was 98-101%, the precision was within 20%, and the correlation coefficient was over 0.999. These results satisfied the ICH criteria, which require an accuracy of 80-120% and precision of <20% (ICH Steering Committee, 2014).

Table 1. Accuracy, precision, correlation coefficient, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of mineral and hazardous heavy metal analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP/MS)
Instrument Mineral Accuracy (%) Precision (RSD%) Correlation coefficient (R2) LOD (mg/kg) LOQ (mg/kg)
AAS Na 97.40 0.03 0.9954 0.1945 0.5894
Mg 95.40 0.01 0.9984 0.1586 0.4807
K 109.40 0.02 1.0000 0.2394 0.7255
Ca 94.60 0.03 0.9990 0.7920 2.4000
ICP/MS Cr 98.46 2.30 0.9999 0.0098 0.0296
Cu 98.34 1.40 1.0000 0.0090 0.0274
Cd* 101.20 2.00 1.0000 0.0004 0.0014
Pb* 99.90 0.60 0.9993 0.5000 1.6000

The unit of LOD and LOQ is μg/kg.

Download Excel Table
Macro mineral contents

The macro mineral contents of domestic and Chinese L. edodes, as analyzed using AAS, are presented in Table 2. The contents of Na, Mg, K, and Ca in domestic L. edodes were determined to be 161.33±44.34 mg/kg, 746.22±197.55 mg/kg, 17,676.84±3,279.58 mg/kg, and 50.50±26.98 mg/kg, respectively, whereas those in Chinese L. edodes were 310.69±84.80 mg/kg, 318.49±45.06 mg/kg, 11,182.01± 2,446.44 mg/kg, and 33.36±6.08 mg/kg, respectively. Upon comparing the macro mineral contents of domestic and Chinese L. edodes, it was found that the Na content was significantly higher in the Chinese L. edodes samples (p<0.001), whereas significantly higher levels of Mg and K were present in the domestic L. edodes samples (p<0.001).

Table 2. Comparison of mineral contents in Lentinula edodes produced in Korea and China
Collected site Macro mineral (mg/kg) Trace mineral (mg/kg)
Na Mg K Ca Cr Cu
Korea (n=17) 161.33±44.341) 746.22±197.55 17,676.84±3,279.58 50.50±26.98 2.82±2.61 77.13±45.88
China (n=13) 310.69±84.80 318.49±45.06 11,182.01±2,446.44 33.36±6.08 12.95±10.05 101.19±43.78
p-value 0.000***2) 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.021* 0.004** 0.158

All values are mean±SD.

*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Download Excel Table

L. edodes is a cultivable mushroom that grows on broad-leaf trees, such as oak trees. The mineral content of L. edodes is reported to be mainly affected by the acidity and organic content of the soil, as well as the growing environment (Gast et al., 1988; Kim et al., 2003). Our results revealed significant differences between the Na, Mg, and K contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes (p<0.001). We believe that examining the Na, Mg, and K contents in many samples of L. edodes, whose exact cultivation conditions have been investigated, will help determine the country of origin of the mushroom samples.

Trace minerals and hazardous metal contents

The contents of trace minerals and hazardous heavy metals in domestic and Chinese L. edodes were analyzed using ICP/MS (Tables 2 and 3). The Cr and Cu contents in domestic L. edodes samples were determined to be 2.82± 2.61 mg/kg and 77.13±45.88 mg/kg, respectively, while those in Chinese L. edodes samples were 12.95±10.05 mg/kg and 101.19±43.78 mg/kg, respectively. Upon comparing the contents of trace minerals in L. edodes according to the production country, no significant difference was observed for the Cu contents, but the Cr contents were significantly higher in the Chinese L. edodes samples (p<0.01). The mineral content of L. edodes is reportedly influenced by the cultivation environment (Gast et al., 1988; Kim et al., 2003). Our results showed significant differences between the Cr contents of domestic and Chinese L. edodes (p<0.01). Thus, we propose that the Cr content can be used to distinguish between domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples.

Table 3. Comparison of hazardous heavy metal contents in Lentinula edodes produced in Korea and China
Collected site Hazardous heavy metal (μg/kg)
Cd Pb
Mean±SD Range Mean±SD Range
Korea (n=17) 1.80±0.841) 0.48-3.21 1.94±4.52 0.04-19.30
China (n=13) 5.44±4.43 1.43-16.71 2.41±3.44 0.43-13.63
p-value 0.012*2) 0.755

All values are mean±SD.

*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Download Excel Table

The hazardous heavy metal contents of domestic and Chinese L. edodes were as follows: 1.80±0.84 μg/kg and 5.44±4.43 μg/kg for Cd, respectively, and 1.94±4.52 μg/kg and 2.41±3.44 μg/kg for Pb, respectively. Only a few studies have reported the hazardous heavy metal contents in L. edodes; hence, comparisons of such results with those of the current study are not possible. According to the Korea Food Code (MFDS, 2020a), the hazardous heavy metal content of mushrooms is defined as less than 300 μg/kg for Cd and Pb. Thus, the results of the current study demonstrate that the heavy metal contents in the L. edodes samples analyzed herein are within the safety limits specified by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety standards in Korea. In conclusion, our results revealed significant differences between the Na, Mg, and K contents (p<0.001) and Cr contents (p<0.01) of domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples. These results showed that the Na, Mg, K, and Cr contents can be used as basic data to determine the origin of domestic and Chinese L. edodes. Therefore, there is a requirement for further studies that analyze the Na, Mg, K, and Cr contents in many samples of domestic and Chinese L. edodes, the cultivation conditions for which have been investigated, for the accurate identification of the country origin of L. edodes mushrooms.

Conflict of interests

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.

References

1.

Bak WC, Park YA, Le BH, Ka KH. Characteristics of newly bred Lentinula edodes strain “Sohyangko”. J Mushroms, 11, 9-14 (2013)

2.

Gast CH, Jansen E, Bierling J, Hanstra L. Heavy metals in mushroms and their relationship with soil characteristics. Chemosphere, 17, 789-799 (1988)

3.

Han SR, Kim MJ, Oh TJ. Antioxidant activites and antimicrobial effects of solvent extracts from Lentinus edodes. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 44, 1144-1149 (2015)

4.

Hong JS, Lee KR, Kim YH, Kim DH, Kim MK, Kim YS, Yeo KY. Volatile flavor compounds of Korean shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes). Korean J Food Sci Technol, 20, 606-612 (1988)

5.

ICH Stering Commite. ICH Harmonised Tripartie Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1). Somatek Inc, CA, USA, 9-13 (2014)

6.

Jiang T, Feng L, Zheng X, Li J. Physicochemical reponses and microbial characteristics of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) to gum arabic coating enriched with natamycin during storage. Food Chem, 138, 1992-1997 (2013)

7.

KIER. The Econovic Effect and Utilization of Country-of- Origin Labelling in Korea. Seoul, Korea, p 81-83 (2011)

8.

Kim HJ. A Study on the harmful heavy metal of leached teas in processed Foods. Master Thesis, Ajou University, Korea, 19-26 (2020)

9.

Kim JY, Kwon HW, Ko HG, Le CJ, Kim SH. Investigation of heavy metals and residual pesticides from imported sawdust media for inoculation with oak mushrom culture. J Mushrooms, 15, 202-205 (2017)

10.

Kim KJ, Koh YW, Im SB, Jin SW, Ha NI, Jeong HG, Jeong SW, Yun KW, Seo KS. Research of pesticide residue of domestic Lentinula edodes related with the positive list system. J Mushrooms, 18, 380-386 (2020)

11.

Kim YD, Kim KJ, Cho DB. Antimicrobial activity of Lentinus edodes extract. Korean J Food Preserv, 10, 89-93 (2003)

12.

Korean Forest Service. Forest Products Research. http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=136&tblId=DT_13648_A010&con_path=I3 (accessed August 2020)

13.

Lee NY, Bae HR, Lim CL, Noh BS. Discrimination of geographical origin of mushrom (Tricholoma matsutake) using electronic nose based on mass spectrometry. J Food Process Eng, 10, 275-279 (2006)

14.

Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Food code of Korea. https://www.foodsafetykorea.go.kr/foodcode/01_03.jsp?idx=12039 (accessed October 2020)

15.

Rural Development Administration. Chronicle of Mushroms. http://www.nongsaro.go.kr/portal/ps/psv/psvr/psvrc/rdaInterDtl.ps?menuId=PS0063&cntntsNo=34230 (accessed May 2011)