Table 1. List of G. alata rhizomes used in this study

No Harvest year Cultivation region Cultivation method Harvest time Growth stage
1 2024 Jinan1) Indoor facility Spring Mature
2 2024 Jinan Indoor facility Autumn Mature
3 2025 Jinan Indoor facility Spring Mature
4 2025 Muju2) Outdoor field-Y3) Spring Mature
5 2025 Muju Outdoor field-L Spring Mature
6 2025 Muju Outdoor field-K Spring Mature
7 2025 Jinan Indoor facility Spring Immature
8 2025 Muju Outdoor field-Y Spring Immature
9 2025 Muju Outdoor field-L Spring Immature
10 2025 Muju Outdoor field-K Spring Immature
Medicinal Resource Research Institute under Jeonbuk Agricultural Research and Extention Services, Jinan-gun, Jeonbuk.
Ansung-myun, Muju-gun, Jeonbuk.
Outdoor field Y, L and K are symbols for each farm.