Table 3. Fatty acid composition of citrus, apple, and grape peel powders (unit: %)

Fatty acid	Citrus	Apple	Grape	F-value
Capric acid (C10:0)	0.10±0.00^b1)2)	0.10±0.00^b	0.23±0.06^a	33.00^***3)
Lauric acid (C12:0)	0.30±0.00^b	0.20±0.00^c	0.50±0.00^a	48.69^***
Myristic acid (C14:0)	0.53±0.06^a	0.10±0.00^c	0.40±0.00^b	225.00^***
Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0)	0.20±0.00^b	0.13±0.06^c	0.30±0.00^a	57.00^***
Palmitic acid (C16:0)	18.47±0.23^b	19.37±0.38^a	16.10±0.35^c	3,133.83^***
Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0)	ND⁴⁾	0.20±0.00^b	0.50±0.00	ND
Stearic acid (C18:0)	3.60±0.10^b	2.73±0.06^c	4.13±0.06^a	2,430.67^***
Arachidic acid (C20:0)	0.83±0.06^b	0.10±0.00^c	1.27±0.06^a	659.33^***
Behenic acid (C22:0)	ND	0.33±0.06^b	0.60±0.00^a	304.00^***
Lignoceric acid (C24:0)	ND	0.20±0.00^b	0.43±0.06^a	153.00^***
Saturated⁵⁾	24.07±0.51^a	23.70±0.53^b	23.40±0.52^b	2,076.79^***
Myristoleic acid (C14:1)	0.23±0.06^c	0.60±0.00^a	0.43±0.06^b	120.67^***
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)	0.80±0.00^c	1.40±0.00^a	1.27±0.06^b	1,440.00^***
Oleic acid (C18:1n9)	27.33±0.87^a	25.03±0.49^b	21.00±0.53^c	1,458.38^***
Eicosenoic acid (C20:1)	ND	ND	0.20±0.00	ND
Monounsaturated	28.37±0.67^a	27.00±0.72^b	26.47±0.49^b	1,856.28^***
Linoleic acid (C18:2n6)	40.00±0.95^c	45.63±1.15^b	47.93±1.05^a	1,822.17^***
ɣ-Linolenic acid (C18:3n6)	ND	0.10±0.00^b	0.33±0.06^a	1,815.37^***
Linolenic acid (C18:3n3)	7.57±0.21^a	3.90±0.10^c	4.20±0.10^b	89.00^***
Polyunsaturated	47.57±1.29^b	49.23±1.07^b	53.27±1.21^a	1,774.09^***

All values are mean±SD (n=3).
Means with different superscript letters (^a-d) within a row are significantly different at p<0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range test.
^***p<0.001.
ND, not detected.
Saturated, monounsaturated, and unsaturated fatty acid contents are calculated as the sum of individual identified fatty acids in each category.