Table 3. Analytical methods for chlorinated styrenes (CSs) for biota samples

Sample Sample Preparation Instrunmental analysis Reference
FishFish fillets (liver) Extraction with cyclohexane /isopropanol (1:1), treatment of sulfuric acid, alumina column purification with cyclohexane GC/ECD Ofstad et al. (1978)
Clam (L. radiata) Sonication with hexane/acetone (1:1), benzene, Florisil column purification with petroleum ether GC/ECDGC/MS Pugsley et al. (1985)
Lake trout (S. namaycush)Whitefish (C. clupeiformes) Soxhlet-extraction with hexane/acetone (1:1), GPC of SX-2 Bio-Beads followed by silica gel column purification GC/MS Swackhamer and Hites (1988)
Fish 10% water silica gel column, extraction with petroleum/dichloromethane (8:2), separation with liquid chromatography on silica gel GC/ECDGC/MS Steinwandter and Zimmer (1983)
Mussels (F. Unionidae) Soxhlet-extraction with acetone/hexane (59:41), cleanup on column containing Na2SO4, 40% H2SO4 - silica gel and Florisil GC Metcalfe and Charlton (1990)
Mature breast milk Extraction with acetone, benzene, purification on Florisil–silicic acid column with 2% dichloromethane in hexane GC/ECDGC/MS Mes et al. (1986)
Fish Soxhlet-extraction with hexane/ethyl ether (75:25), separation on Micro CelI-E with acetonitrile /acetone (95:5), cleanup on SX-2 GPC column into glass column and Florisil eluted with hexane GC/MS Kuehl et al. (1976; 1981)
Human venous cord sera Centrifugation of Serum mixture and recovery standards (TBB, PCB-209), combined n-hexane extract was yielded GC–EI-MSGC–NICI-MS Carrizo et al. (2009)
Planktonic food chain Water – plankton - mysid (M. relicta) - alewive and smelt – salmonid (O. velinus, S. gairdneri, S. namaycush, S. trutta); Soxhlet-extraction with acetone/hexane, concentration, purification on column with Na2SO4, sulfuric acid-treated silica gel, Florisil, and pretreatment with sulfuric acid GC/ECDGC/MS Oliver and Niimi (1988)
Benthic food chain Water – sediment – amphipod (P. affinis)/ oligochaete (T. tubifex, L. hoffmeisteri) – sculpin (C. cognatus) – salmonid (O. velinus, S. gairdneri, S. namaycush, S. trutta); Soxhlet-extraction with acetone/hexane, concentration, purification on a column with Na2SO4, sulfuric acid-treated silica gel and Florisil, and pretreatment with mercury GC/ECDGC/MS Oliver and Niimi (1988)
Sprat (C. sprattus) Extraction with hexane/isopropanol (1:1 v/v), separated hexane layer was treated with sulfuric acid GC/ECD Lunde and Ofstad (1976)
Cormorant (P. carbo)Animal species Soxhlet-extraction with petroleum ether (40-60°C), purification through a twin-column with dry, partially deactivated alumina and silica gel GC/MS de Brauw and Koeman (1973)
Fish livers Cold-extraction with n-hexane, purification with alumina and Florisil column chromatography with n-hexane and n-hexane/ether (1:1). GC/ECDGC/MS Ernst et al. (1984)