Table 3. Antibacterial ability of parts in the nipa palm

Microorganism	Extract	Leaves1)	Stem2)	Young shoots3)
Escheritia coli	Water	+4)	+	−
	Ethanol	+	+	−
	Ethyl acetate	+	+	+
Bacillus subtilis	Water	+	+	+
	Ethanol	+	+	+
	Ethyl acetate	+	+	+
Staphylococcus aureus	Water	+	+	+
	Ethanol	+	+	+
	Ethyl acetate	+	+	+
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Water	+	+	NT
	Ethanol	+	+	NT
	Ethyl acetate	+	+	NT
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Water	+	+	−
	Ethanol	+	+	+
	Ethyl acetate	+	−	+
Aspergillus flavus	Water	+	+	NT
	Ethanol	+	−	NT
	Ethyl acetate	+	+	NT
Aspergillus niger	Water	+	+	NT
	Ethanol	+	−	NT
	Ethyl acetate	+	+	NT

Data from Effendi et al. (2022), Lovly and Teresa (2018).
Data from Lovly and Teresa (2018).
Data from Shin et al. (2018).
+, present; -, absent; NT, not tested.