Table 1. Water properties and Hunter’s color value of physically and biologically modified barley flours

	Treatment method	Non-waxy		Waxy		Result of two-way ANOVA analysis
	Treatment method	SG¹⁾	HNR	NLC	BSC	Parameter	df	F value
Moisture content (%)	UN²⁾	4.20±0.06^3)cD4)	8.48±0.02^aA	7.22±0.02^aC	8.22±0.02^aB	Barley cultivar	3	1,999.941^***5)
	HM	4.33±0.08^bB	4.55±0.04^cA	3.43±0.08^dD	4.06±0.07^cC	Treatment	3	12,955.827^***
	EZ	4.76±0.06^aC	5.69±0.05^bA	4.94±0.03^bB	4.78±0.06^bC	Barley cultivar × Treatment	9	1,658.171^***
	HM-EZ	4.28±0.07^bcA	4.14±0.05^dB	3.64±0.06^cC	3.60±0.07^dC
Water activity	UN	0.19±0.00^bC	0.32±0.00^aA	0.29±0.01^aB	0.32±0.00^aA	Barley cultivar	3	3,349.030^***
	HM	0.21±0.00^aC	0.22±0.00^dB	0.15±0.00^cD	0.27±0.00^bA	Treatment	3	4,549.030^***
	EZ	0.19±0.00^bD	0.26±0.00^bA	0.20±0.00^bC	0.22±0.00^cB	Barley cultivar × Treatment	9	922.040^***
	HM-EZ	0.18±0.00^cC	0.23±0.00^cA	0.15±0.00^cD	0.19±0.00^dB
L^* value	UN	90.45±0.01^aB	83.84±0.10^aD	91.74±0.11^aA	87.89±0.06^aC	Barley cultivar	3	176,886.693^***
	HM	87.42±0.00^cB	79.44±0.01^cD	87.91±0.01^cA	85.16±0.01^cC	Treatment	3	34,703.020^***
	EZ	89.76±0.06^bB	80.05±0.01^bD	90.34±0.02^bA	86.02±0.00^bC	Barley cultivar × Treatment	9	1,136.576^***
	HM-EZ	86.75±0.01^dB	78.35±0.01^dD	87.93±0.00^cA	84.79±0.02^dC
a^* value	UN	−0.40±0.00^dD	0.35±0.02^dA	−0.11±0.01^cC	0.19±0.01^dB	Barley cultivar	3	34,237.679^***
	HM	0.46±0.00^bC	0.69±0.00^bA	0.40±0.00^aD	0.64±0.00^bB	Treatment	3	55,464.551^***
	EZ	−0.22±0.01^cD	0.58±0.00^cA	−0.02±0.00^bC	0.42±0.00^cB	Barley cultivar × Treatment	9	4,110.739^***
	HM-EZ	0.69±0.00^aB	0.84±0.00^aA	0.40±0.00^aD	0.65±0.00^aC
b^* value	UN	8.98±0.14^bA	5.42±0.13^dD	6.34±0.08^bB	6.04±0.03^dC	Barley cultivar	3	11,113.329^***
	HM	8.90±0.00^bA	6.32±0.00^bD	6.41±0.00^aC	7.80±0.01^aB	Treatment	3	1,066.983^***
	EZ	8.43±0.06^cA	6.08±0.03^cC	5.69±0.01^cD	7.22±0.00^bB	Barley cultivar × Treatment	9	323.095^***
	HM-EZ	9.24±0.00^aA	6.67±0.00^aC	6.40±0.00^aD	7.82±0.01^aB
ΔE	UN	10.73±0.12^cB	12.67±0.12^dA	7.84±0.08^cD	10.04±0.05^dC	Barley cultivar	3	57,775.154^***
	HM	12.35±0.00^bC	16.46±0.01^bA	10.26±0.00^aD	13.02±0.00^bB	Treatment	3	16,709.748^***
	EZ	10.60±0.02^dC	15.88±0.00^cA	8.20±0.02^bD	12.05±0.00^cB	Barley cultivar × Treatment	9	927.602^***
	HM-EZ	13.03±0.00^aC	17.48±0.01^aA	10.25±0.01^aD	13.28±0.02^aB

Barley cultivars: SG, Sogang; HNR, Huknuri; NLC, Nulichal; BSC, Boseokchal.
Treatment method: UN, untreated; HM, heat-moisture; EZ, enzyme; HM-EZ, heat-moisture & enzyme.
All values are mean±SD (n=5).
Different superscripts within the same column (^a-d) or row (^A-D) indicate significant differences by Duncan’s multiple range test (p<0.05).
^***p<0.001; significant effect by two-way ANOVA.