Table 4. Bioactive compounds detected in CAS flour as influenced by processing, analyzed by GC-MS

S/N Compound Retention time (min) Peak area (%) Similarity (%) Sample1) Reported activities
1 n-Hexadecanoic acid 15.213 28.38 96 FTD Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities
15.031 1.25 98 TOL
15.524 48.01 99 IXT
15.036 2.51 96 RMC
15.026 17.14 98 OAS
15.109 4.41 93 CHG
2 Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester 14.647 6.40 98 FTD Anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic effects.
14.626 0.31 97 IXT
14.626 3.23 97 CHG
14.616 23.42 97 INA
3 Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester 15.280 8.61 95 INA Anti-inflammatory properties and anti-fibrotic effects
15.306 10.55 98 RMC
15.301 12.62 97 MER
15.348 31.17 99 CHG
4 10-Methylnonadecane 12.245 1.19 91 RMC Antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. It is also known to have anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, and nematicide activities.
13.329 0.31 91 IXT
12.240 1.55 90 MER
20.126 3.38 91 CHG
5 Hexadecane 11.114 0.22 96 IXT Emulsion stabilization
11.103 1.11 93 MER
11.108 0.93 93 RMC
16.282 4.47 94 CHG
7 9,12-Octadeecadienoic acid methyl ester 16.271 5.67 99 FTD Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cholesterolemic and anti-carcinogenic, antiviral and antifungal.
16.308 0.36 99 IXT
14.626 3.23 97 CHG
7 69-Octadecenoic acid(Z)-, methyl ester 16.328 5.67 99 FTD Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, as well as potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties
16.359 0.45 98 IXT
16.292 6.03 95 INA
8 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- 16.837 32.06 93 FTD Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, as well as being a potential starting material for drug development
16.712 1.25 94 TOL
17.174 28.27 98 IXT
9 Heptadecane 12.234 4.81 94 INA Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
18.041 4.10 94 CHG
13.319 1.00 94 MER
10 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol 10.118 0.43 97 IXT Antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects.
10.107 2.58 94 INA
10.112 1.15 96 MER
11 Cyclohexadecane 11.020 1.67 94 RMC Antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant components
11.015 3.95 98 INA
11.036 1.07 95 IXT
12 Cis-Vaccenic acid 16.671 0.25 98 MER Potential anti-inflammatory properties
16.837 32.06 91 FTD
16.712 1.25 95 TOL
13 6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester 16.328 5.67 99 FTD Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as potential anticancer effects
16.292 6.03 92 INA
14 Tetratetracontane 14.351 3.23 91 CHG Hypoglycemic, anti-oxidant, and antibacterial effects.
13.319 1.00 94 MER
15 Pentadecanoic acid 15.965 0.20 90 FTD Protecting cardiometabolic, immune, and liver health, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-cancer effects
14.056 0.30 96 IXT
16 9,12-Octadeecadienoic acid ethyl ester 16.857 7.26 99 RMC Anti-inflammatory and other biological activities,
16.852 1.36 98 MER
17 9-Octadecenoic acid 16.671 0.25 98 MER Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer effects
16.998 3.45 93 FTD
18 Hexadecanoic acid butyl ester 17.060 0.82 98 RMC Antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, and hepatoprotective effects
17.060 1.16 97 MER
19 (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester 16.982 4.38 99 CHG Potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties
16.920 7.26 99 RMC
20 Ethyl 9-hexadecenoate 16.982 4.38 91 CHG Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
16.915 8.53 95 MER
21 Ethyl oleate 16.915 8.53 95 MER Antibacterial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties
16.920 7.26 99 RMC
22 (E)-9-Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester 16.920 7.26 99 RMC Potential anti-inflammatory effects
16.982 4.38 99 CHG
23 9-Octadecene 11.036 1.07 93 IXT Antibacterial, antidiarrhoeal, analgesic, and cytotoxic effects.
11.020 1.79 91 MER
24 9-Hexadecenoic acid methyl ester 14.424 0.28 94 FTD Antioxidant activities
25 11-Hexadecenoic acid methyl ester 14.424 0.28 93 FTD A source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties
26 Heptadecenoic acid 15.965 0.20 93 FTD Potential anti-tumor activity.
27 10-Octadecenoic acid(Z)-, methyl ester 16.365 0.42 99 FTD Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties
28 Ar-tumerone 11.954 0.39 93 FTD Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and antifungal properties
29 Methyl tetradecanoate 12.546 0.20 95 FTD Plant metabolite, flavour agent, and fragrance.
30 Cetene 11.020 1.67 96 RMC Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects
31 1-Heptadecene 11.020 1.67 94 RMC Antimicrobial activity and it plays a role in fruit ripening and the metabolism of aromatic compounds in animals
32 Carbonic acid, prop-1-en-2yl trideyl ester 12.245 1.19 93 RMC Antibacterial and antimalarial activities
33 Bromloacetic acid, pentadecyl ester 13.251 2.04 99 RMC Antifungal activity
34 Linoleic acid ethyl ester 16.857 0.98 99 RMC Reduce total and low-density lipoproteins(LDL) cholesterol levels
35 Undecanoic acid, ethyl ester 13.277 2.51 94 CHG Antifungal, insect repellent, and solvent properties
36 Heptadecane, 2,6-dimethyl- 12.307 2.38 90 CHG Antibacterial and antimalarial activities.
37 Ethyl tridecanoate 13.277 2.51 90 CHG Antibacterial and antifungal properties
38 Hentriacontane 13.324 1.77 90 CHG Immunomodulatory, antioxidant, protects from gamma radiation, antifibrinolytic, adaptogenic, antibacterial activities.
39 2-Pentadecanone,6,10,14-tri-methyl 13.822 5.64 99 CHG Hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-nociceptive, antioxidant, and lubricating effects
40 Tricosane 18.980 5.30 95 CHG Antibacterial, antioxidant, and photocatalytic degradation properties
41 Tetratracontane 16.282 4.47 95 CHG Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities
42 E-15-Heptadecenal 13.246 2.08 91 MER Antibacterial activity
43 E-14-Hexadecenal 13.226 2.08 91 MER Antifungal activity, particularly against some phytopathogenic fungi
44 Linoleic acid ethyl ester 16.852 1.36 98 MER Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-acne, and anti-bacterial effects
45 Linolaidic acid 16.852 1.36 95 MER Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects
46 Phenol,2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) 10.118 0.43 93 IXT Antioxidant and stabilizer in various applications
47 Trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester 16.359 0.45 98 IXT Potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties
48 D-Limonene 3.751 1.02 96 IXT Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-cancer effects
49 Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-,methyl ester 14.626 0.31 97 IXT Antifungal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, and is a component of food flavour and a lubricant
50 Limonene 3.751 1.02 93 IXT Antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties
51 10,13-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester 16.308 0.36 99 IXT Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer effects
52 Cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester 16.359 0.45 95 IXT Antiviral, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties.
53 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 21.040 0.57 91 IXT Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
54 Nerolidol 10.730 1.01 93 TOL Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties
55 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)- 16.712 1.25 98 TOL Antimicrobial properties
56 1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-3,3-dimethyl-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-cyclohexene 16.800 0.45 94 TOL Antibacterial and antioxidant activities
57 Gingerol 18.995 1.67 93 TOL Anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
58 Cyclotetradecane 13.241 3.93 95 INA Antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects
IXT, nixtamalized Celosia argentea seed flour; INA, germinated Celosia argentea seed flour; TOL, autoclaved Celosia argentea seed flour; CHG, blanched Celosia argentea seed flour; OAS, roasted Celosia argentea seed flour; MER, fermented Celosia argentea seed flour; FTD, deffated Celosia argentea seed flour; RMC, untreated Celosia argentea seed flour.