Table 4. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, mg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC, mg/mL) of Asimina triloba extract against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Strain	PLW1)			PTW			PRW			PLM			PTM			PRM
	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC ratio	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC ratio	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC ratio	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC ratio	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC ratio	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC ratio
Bacillus cereus	25	25	1.0	50	–2)	–	50	50	1.0	12.5	–	–	1.56	6.25	4.0	3.13	50	16.0
Bacillus subtilis	25	25	1.0	–	–	–	6.25	12.5	2.0	50	–	–	12.5	50	4.0	1.56	3.13	2.0
Clostridium perfringens	50	–	–	25	100	4.0	25	100	4.0	3.13	50	16.0	0.78	3.13	4.0	1.56	3.13	2.0
Corynebacterium xerosis	12.5	–	–	50	–	–	25	50	2.0	6.25	12.5	2.0	0.78	50	64.1	1.56	3.13	2.0
Listeria monocytogenes	25	–	–	50	–	–	–	–	–	25	–	–	3.13	100	31.9	25	–	–
Methicillin-resistantS. aureus	–	–	–	100	–	–	–	–	–	50	–	–	12.5	12.5	1.0	6.25	100	16.0
Propionibacterium acnes	25	–	–	100	–	–	–	–	–	100	–	–	–	–	–	12.5	–	–
Staphylococcus aureus	–	–	–	100	–	–	100	–	–	50	50	1.0	6.25	50	8.0	12.5	25	2.0
Staphylococcus epidermidis	–	–	–	100	–	–	–	–	–	12.5	100	8.0	6.25	12.5	2.0	1.56	6.25	4.0
Streptococcus mutans	–	–	–	100	–	–	–	–	–	25	50	2.0	100	–	–	0.78	25	32.1
Campylobacter jejuni	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	50	–	–	25	100	4.0	25	50	2.0
Cronobacter sakazakii	50	50	1.0	50	–	–	–	–	–	50	–	–	–	–	–	12.5	–	–
Escherichia coli	25	–	–	50	–	–	–	–	–	50	–	–	–	–	–	25	–	–
Escherichia coli O157:H7	12.5	–	–	25	–	–	–	–	–	50	–	–	–	–	–	25	100	4.0
Pseudomonas fluorescens	50	50	1.0	100	-	–	100	100	1.0	–	–	–	50	–	–	12.5	50	4.0
Proteus vulgaris	12.5	12.5	1.0	25	–	–	25	–	–	50	–	–	12.5	50	4.0	12.5	50	4.0
Salmonella typhimurium	12.5	25	2.0	100	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	12.5	25	2.0
Vibrio fluvialis	12.5	100	8.0	25	–	–	25	–	–	25	–	–	25	50	2.0	12.5	25	2.0
Vibrio parahaemolyticus	50	–	–	25	25	1.0	6.25	6.25	1.0	–	–	–	3.13	25	8.0	3.13	6.25	2.0
Yersinia enterocolitica	3.13	12.5	4.0	12.5	–	–	–	–	–	12.5	–	–	6.25	–	–	12.5	50	4.0

PLW, pawpaw leaf water extract; PTW, pawpaw twig water extract; PRW, pawpaw root water extract; PLM, pawpaw leaf methanolic extract; PTM, pawpaw twig methanolic extract; PRM, pawpaw root methanolic extract.
–, no inhibition.