Table 3. Antibacterial activity of Car-ZnONPs composite films against E. coli and L. monocytogenes

Time (h)	Film	Optical density
Time (h)	Film	E. coli	L. monocytogenes
0	Control	0.00±0.00^a1)	0.00±0.00^a
	Neat carrageenan
	Car-ZnONPs^ZA
	Car-ZnONPs^ZC
	Car-ZnONPs^ZN
3	Control	0.12±0.06^a	0.00±0.00^a
	Neat carrageenan	0.15±0.07^a	0.00±0.00^a
	Car-ZnONPs^ZA	0.08±0.04^a	0.05±0.05^b
	Car-ZnONPs^ZC	0.06±0.03^a	0.02±0.01^ab
	Car-ZnONPs^ZN	0.07±0.03^a	0.04±0.02^ab
6	Control	0.73±0.23^b	0.62±0.03^b
	Neat carrageenan	0.73±0.17^b	0.63±0.03^b
	Car-ZnONPs^ZA	0.08±0.02^a	0.07±0.07^a
	Car-ZnONPs^ZC	0.05±0.02^a	0.02±0.01^a
	Car-ZnONPs^ZN	0.07±0.02^a	0.06±0.05^a
9	Control	0.90±0.08^b	0.86±0.01^b
	Neat carrageenan	0.94±0.13^b	0.86±0.01^b
	Car-ZnONPs^ZA	0.07±0.02^a	0.10±0.10^a
	Car-ZnONPs^ZC	0.04±0.02^a	0.09±0.11^a
	Car-ZnONPs^ZN	0.06±0.02^a	0.10±0.10^a
12	Control	0.87±0.08^b	0.86±0.01^b
	Neat carrageenan	0.98±0.09^c	0.87±0.00^b
	Car-ZnONPs^ZA	0.06±0.02^a	0.14±0.10^a
	Car-ZnONPs^ZC	0.04±0.02^a	0.13±0.12^a
	Car-ZnONPs^ZN	0.08±0.02^a	0.14±0.09^a

All values are mean±SD (n=3). Means with different superscript letters in the same column are statistically different at p<0.05 by Duncan’s multiple range test.