Table 3. The content of ester compounds in the distilled fractions prepared by two different distillation methods

Compounds Fraction No. Concentration (mg/L)
Steam Microwave
Not added Added1) Not added Added
Ethyl acetate 1 3,126.96±14.70Ac 6,047.59±6.94Aa 3,047.04±8.25Ad 3,689.02±17.24Ab
2 58.13±0.25Bd 264.62±2.08Bc 384.53±2.06Bb 453.84±5.47Ba
3 ND ND 66.54±0.44Cb 114.21±1.46Ca
4 - - 17.27±0.58Db 37.59±0.51Da
5 - - 6.53±0.05Ea 4.69±0.30Eb
Total 3,185.09±14.88d 6,312.21±9.00a 3,521.91±11.10c 4,299.35±22.79b
Ethyl butyrate 1 1,128.85±9.11Ab 1,352.39±1.79Aa 834.85±4.14Ac 844.84±8.56Ac
2 279.70±1.12Ba 247.28±3.67Bb 282.70±4.68Ba 127.89±1.69Bc
3 43.61±2.06Cc 30.45±0.93Cd 97.55±0.66Ca 55.75±3.11Cb
4 - - 58.39±0.73Da 32.86±1.44Db
5 - - 29.41±0.45Ea 24.57±0.83Ea
Total 1,452.16±12.07b 1,630.12±6.18a 1,303.22±10.39c 1,086.36±15.18d
Ethyl caproate 1 36.81±0.68Ac 428.12±0.33Ab 31.67±0.44Ad 760.70±0.90Aa
2 ND 137.13±1.74Ba ND 55.89±0.94Bb
3 ND 27.92±0.35Ca ND 27.75±0.64Ca
4 - - ND 23.57±0.51Da
5 - - ND ND
Total 36.81±0.68c 593.17±2.38b 31.67±0.44d 867.91±2.79a
Ethyl lactate 1 1,148.86±7.46Ab 1,356.59±2.35Aa 579.46±13.33Ac 415.05±8.98Ad
2 1,075.75±13.47Ba 919.82±4.39Bb 502.41±2.39Bc 401.17±7.95Bd
3 562.13±14.01Ca 266.76±3.68Cc 301.61±3.96Cb 287.43±4.06Cb
4 - - 233.06±9.30Da 145.77±2.73Db
5 - - 112.71±2.22Ea 83.43±1.70Eb
Total 2,786.73±34.61a 2,543.17±9.89b 1,726.77±30.64c 1,332.85±24.88d
Ethyl palmitate 1 58.77±0.41Ab 120.36±0.54Aa 51.07±0.22Ad 52.80±0.33Ac
2 ND ND ND ND
3 ND ND ND ND
4 - - ND ND
5 - - ND ND
Total 58.77±0.41b 120.36±0.54a 51.07±0.22d 52.80±0.33c
Whole milk power was added during solid-state fermentation.
All values are mean±SD (n=3). ND, not detected.