Table 3. Anti-microbial activity of E. umbellata leaf extract for P. acnes, S. aureus, and E. coli by solvent concentration, temperature and time
Extraction condition | Clear zone (mm) |
EtOH (%) | Temperature (°C) | Time (h) | P. acnes | S. aureus | E. coli |
0 | 20 | 6 | 0.0±0.02)d3) | 5.0±0.0bc | 5.5±0.5c |
20 | 20 | 6 | 0.0±0.0d | 5.5±0.5bc | 8.0±0.0ab |
50 | 20 | 6 | 4.2±0.8c | 6.5±0.5a | 8.8±0.8a |
70 | 20 | 6 | 6.2±0.6ab | 6.0±0.0ab | 9.0±1.0a |
70 | 60 | 6 | 6.7±0.6ab | 6.0±0.0ab | 8.0±0.0ab |
70 | 80 | 6 | 7.0±0.4a | 6.3±0.5ab | 8.8±0.3a |
70 | 80 | 3 | 5.3±1.0bc | 5.3±0.2bc | 6.5±0.5bc |
70 | 80 | 12 | 5.7±0.9bc | 5.5±1.0bc | 5.8±0.8bc |
70 | 80 | 24 | 5.3±0.5bc | 5.5±0.5bc | 6.0±1.0bc |
70 | 80 | 48 | 6.0±0.8bc | 4.5±0.5c | 4.5±1.5c |
Chloramphenicol1) | 5.0±0.5bc | 5.2±0.4bc | 10.0±0.6a |
Chloramphenicol was used as a positive control.
Results are expressed as means±SD (% control) of three independent experiments.
a-dValues with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05) by Tukey’s multiple comparision test.