Table 3. Anti-microbial activity of E. umbellata leaf extract for P. acnes, S. aureus, and E. coli by solvent concentration, temperature and time

Extraction condition			Clear zone (mm)
EtOH (%)	Temperature (°C)	Time (h)	P. acnes	S. aureus	E. coli
0	20	6	0.0±0.0²⁾d³⁾	5.0±0.0^bc	5.5±0.5^c
20	20	6	0.0±0.0^d	5.5±0.5^bc	8.0±0.0^ab
50	20	6	4.2±0.8^c	6.5±0.5^a	8.8±0.8^a
70	20	6	6.2±0.6^ab	6.0±0.0^ab	9.0±1.0^a
70	60	6	6.7±0.6^ab	6.0±0.0^ab	8.0±0.0^ab
70	80	6	7.0±0.4^a	6.3±0.5^ab	8.8±0.3^a
70	80	3	5.3±1.0^bc	5.3±0.2^bc	6.5±0.5^bc
70	80	12	5.7±0.9^bc	5.5±1.0^bc	5.8±0.8^bc
70	80	24	5.3±0.5^bc	5.5±0.5^bc	6.0±1.0^bc
70	80	48	6.0±0.8^bc	4.5±0.5^c	4.5±1.5^c
Chloramphenicol¹⁾			5.0±0.5^bc	5.2±0.4^bc	10.0±0.6^a

Chloramphenicol was used as a positive control.
Results are expressed as means±SD (% control) of three independent experiments.
^a-dValues with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05) by Tukey’s multiple comparision test.