Table 3. Anti-microbial activity of E. umbellata leaf extract for P. acnes, S. aureus, and E. coli by solvent concentration, temperature and time

Extraction condition Clear zone (mm)
EtOH (%) Temperature (°C) Time (h) P. acnes S. aureus E. coli
0 20 6 0.0±0.02)d3) 5.0±0.0bc 5.5±0.5c
20 20 6 0.0±0.0d 5.5±0.5bc 8.0±0.0ab
50 20 6 4.2±0.8c 6.5±0.5a 8.8±0.8a
70 20 6 6.2±0.6ab 6.0±0.0ab 9.0±1.0a
70 60 6 6.7±0.6ab 6.0±0.0ab 8.0±0.0ab
70 80 6 7.0±0.4a 6.3±0.5ab 8.8±0.3a
70 80 3 5.3±1.0bc 5.3±0.2bc 6.5±0.5bc
70 80 12 5.7±0.9bc 5.5±1.0bc 5.8±0.8bc
70 80 24 5.3±0.5bc 5.5±0.5bc 6.0±1.0bc
70 80 48 6.0±0.8bc 4.5±0.5c 4.5±1.5c
Chloramphenicol1) 5.0±0.5bc 5.2±0.4bc 10.0±0.6a
Chloramphenicol was used as a positive control.
Results are expressed as means±SD (% control) of three independent experiments.
a-dValues with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05) by Tukey’s multiple comparision test.