Table 4. Water solubility content of ginger extracts as affected by treatment type and time

Treatment		Time (h)	²⁾WSI (%)	WAI (g/mL)	TS (%)	RS (%)
¹⁾Step I	Stirring	2	⁴⁾^c5.81±0.29	-	^b0.37±0.06	^c0.67±0.01
	Sonication	0.5	^b8.23±0.84	-	^b0.46±0.16	^b0.86±0.01
	Reflux	2	^a9.59±0.17^A	-	^a3.48±0.08^A	^a1.27±0.01
	F-value		40.32^***⁶⁾	-	831.84^***	995.79^***
	Reflux	1	7.95±0.21^B	-	3.05±0.16^B	1.26±0.05
	Reflux	0.5	³⁾7.39±0.28^C⁵⁾	-	3.28±0.07^A	1.20±0.04
	F-value		79.19^***	-	11.29^**	NS
Step II	Stirring	2	^a48.08±0.91	^a7.10±0.95	^a29.53±0.69	^b4.52±0.09
	Sonication	0.5	^b40.95±1.80	^a7.36±0.99	^b25.08±0.71	^c4.11±0.11
	Reflux	2	^a49.21±3.45^A	^b4.38±1.10	^a29.85±0.07^A	^a6.93±0.26^A
	F-value		11.33^**	14.17^**	64.68^***	237.39^***
	Reflux	1	45.30±0.91^A^B	4.06±0.41	28.98±0.16^B	2.10±0.08^B
	Reflux	0.5	41.58±1.58^B	4.30±0.89	25.74±0.48^C	1.21±0.03^C
	F-value		8.62^*	NS	160.12^***	1166.34^***

¹⁾Step I, stirring treatment (25°C, 2 h); sonication treatment (25°C, 0.5 h); reflux treatment (83°C, 0.5, 1, and 2 h); Step II, enzyme treatment (water bath shaking, non-adjusted pH, water extraction, pectinex ultra SP-L (1 % enzyme on substrate 5 g), 50°C, 2 h and termamyl 120L (1 % enzyme on substrate 5 g) 100°C, 1 h).
²⁾WSI, water solubility index; WAI, water absorption index; TS, total sugar; RS, reducing sugar.
³⁾All values are mean±SD (n=3).
⁴⁾^a^-^cMeans with different small letters in the same column (Stirring 2 h, Sonication 0.5 h, and Reflux 2 h) differ significantly by Duncan's multiple range test (p<0.05).
⁵⁾^A^-^CMeans with different capital letters in the same column (Reflux 0.5, 1, and 2 h) differ significantly by Duncan's multiple range test (p<0.05).
^6)*, p<0.05; ^**, p<0.01; ^***, p<0.001; NS, not significant.