Table 2
Compar ison of free amino acid contents of soy sauce without and with bitter melon powder

Contents1) (mg/100 mL)	Added bitter melon powder concentration (%)
	0		5		10
	0 day	90 day	0 day	90 day	0 day	90 day
	Non-essential amino acids
	Urea	ND2)	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Proline	291.46±11.66^e3)	789.22±31.57^b	413.78±16.55^d	1094.72±43.79^a	468.67±18.75^c	1029.56±41.18^a
Aspartic acid	189.58±7.58^e	915.41±36.62^c	447.39±17.90^d	1345.67±53.83^a	443.64±17.75^d	1214.52±48.58^b
Serine	102.43±4.10^e	335.48±13.42^c	202.21±8.09^d	710.17±28.41^a	333.21±13.33^c	576.88±23.08^b
Glutamic acid	1341.33±53.65^f	4094.78±163.79^c	2456.54±98.26^e	6050.33±242.01^b	3400.21±136.01^d	9876.09±395.04^a
Sarcosine	29.23±1.17^d	156.89±6.28^a	20.83±0.83^e	56.33±2.25^c	89.65±3.59^b	90.59±3.62^b
Aminoadipic acid	103.23±4.13^b	252.68±10.11^a	6.51±0.26^d	ND	12.52±0.50^c	ND
Glycine	186.73±17.47^f	447.62±17.90^c	216.62±8.66^e	562.60±22.50^a	237.26±9.49^d	526.78±21.07^b
Alanine	486.03±19.44^d	1135.30±45.41^a	557.84±22.31^b	426.54±17.06^c	128.08±5.12^e	1102.92±44.12^b
Citrulline	130.51±5.22^e	475.22±19.01^b	219.94±8.80^c	ND	48.60±1.94^f	998.07±39.92^a
α-Aminobutyric acid	35.54±1.42d	79.46±3.18b	39.34±1.57d	67.31±2.69c	19.27±0.77e	90.51±3.62a
Cystine	ND	ND	ND	84.89±3.40^b	ND	97.73±3.91^a
Cystathionine	30.77±1.23^c	70.26±2.81^a	30.21±1.21^c	49.12±1.96^b	31.95±1.28^c	50.24±2.01^b
Tyrosine	438.74±17.55^f	917.18±36.69^c	546.27±21.85^e	1188.10±47.52^a	600.66±24.03^d	1103.27±44.13^b
β-alanine	27.82±1.11f	134.95±5.40a	52.91±2.12e	99.30±3.97c	63.68±2.55d	109.97±4.40b
β-Aminoisobutyric acid	101.53±4.06f	286.61±11.46a	145.86±5.83e	207.46±8.30c	155.73±6.23d	234.82±9.39b
γ-Aminobutyric acid	42.46±1.70e	84.95±3.40d	168.34±6.73c	170.30±6.81c	296.21±11.85b	325.02±13.00a
Aminoethanol	13.22±0.53^e	52.19±2.09^a	27.30±1.09^d	44.34±1.77^b	33.03±1.32^c	46.81±1.87^b
Hydroxyproline	50.34±2.01^b	74.34±2.97^a	46.42±1.86^b	48.51±1.94^b	49.21±1.97^b	44.05±1.76^b
Ornithine	187.92±7.52^c	131.21±5.25^e	152.67±6.11^d	318.88±12.76^a	230.87±9.23^b	307.68±12.31^a
1-Methylhistidine	2.22±0.09^e	ND	244.29±9.77^d	519.34±20.77^a	296.94±11.88^c	496.09±19.84^b
3-Methylhistidine	18.20±0.73^c	44.24±1.77^a	7.22±0.29^d	29.89±1.20^b	19.60±0.78^c	15.69±0.63^c
Anserine	129.85±5.19^e	436.19±17.45^a	126.57±5.06^f	344.38±13.78^b	156.43±6.26^d	313.29±12.53^c
Carnosine	58.68±2.35^a	64.50±2.58^a	18.16±0.73^c	57.27±2.29^a	17.88±0.72^c	51.44±2.06^b
Arginine	159.13±6.37^e	260.94±10.44^d	333.92±13.36^c	531.04±21.24^a	379.37±15.17^b	527.84±21.11^a
Totals	4156.95±166.28^f	11239.62±449.58^c	6481.14±259.25^e	14006.49±560.26^b	7512.67±300.51^d	19229.86±769.19^a
Essential amino acid
Threonine	236.92±9.48^f	646.58±25.86^c	276.98±11.08^e	787.98±31.52^b	412.65±16.51^d	985.12±39.40^a
Valine	510.60±20.42^e	1381.03±55.24^a	617.51±24.70^d	1363.37±54.53^a	645.00±25.80^c	1199.64±47.99^b
Methionine	146.65±5.87^d	403.09±16.12^a	183.37±7.33^c	351.23±14.05^b	188.00±7.52^c	364.30±14.57^b
Isoleucine	418.09±16.72^e	1153.41±46.14^c	505.10±20.20^d	2048.09±81.92^a	498.86±19.95^d	1799.38±71.98^b
Leucine	791.36±31.65^e	2041.56±81.66^c	948.03±37.92^d	2456.32±98.25^b	951.71±38.07^d	2709.32±108.37^a
Phenylalanine	588.79±23.55^f	1430.34±57.21^b	736.69±29.47^e	1509.16±60.37^a	803.98±32.16^d	1411.86±56.47^c
Lysine	427.10±17.08^f	976.46±39.06^c	531.54±21.26^e	1232.93±49.32^a	613.17±24.53^d	1200.75±48.03^b
Histidine	171.14±6.85^f	398.56±15.94^c	212.34±8.49^e	467.56±18.70^b	334.43±13.38^d	678.90±27.16^a
Totals	3290.65±131.63^f	8431.02±337.24^a	3522.24±140.89^e	6504.79±260.19^b	3700.72±148.03^d	5975.92±239.04^c
Total amino acids	7447.60±290.90^f	19670.64±786.83^c	10003.38±400.14^e	20511.28±820.45^b	11213.39±448.54^d	25205.78±1008.23^a
Ammonia	221.66±8.87^d	467.50±18.70^a	259.74±10.39^c	456.10±18.24^b	264.68±10.59^c	457.47±18.30^b

All values are means of determination in three independent experiments.
ND, not detected.
All values within a column with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p<0.05 by Duncan’s multiple range test.