Table 2 Changes of free amino acid contents dur ing the fermentation of Doenjang without and with bitter melon

Contents (mg/100 g)		Added bitter melon powder concentration (%)
		0		5		10
		UFD1)	FD2)	UFD	FD	UFD	FD
		Non-essential amino acids
			Phosphoserine	67.25±2.69^a3)	ND4)	ND	45.03±1.80^b	ND	50.38±2.02^b
	Taurine	ND	33.46±1.34^a	ND	10.60±0.42^b	ND	15.38±0.62^b
	Phosphoetanolamine	19.04±0.76^d	130.46±5.22^a	43.65±1.75^c	38.95±1.56^c	22.67±0.91^d	72.10±2.88^b
	Urea	ND	ND	427.79±17.11^a	ND	105.20±4.21^b	ND
	Proline	83.28±3.33^e	311.03±12.44^c	105.53±4.22^d	349.14±13.97^b	110.86±4.43^d	482.05±19.28^a
	Aspartic acid	111.59±4.46^f	440.83±17.63^b	166.65±6.67^e	332.89±13.32^c	182.03±7.28^d	607.79±24.31^a
	Serine	110.17±4.41^c	310.36±12.41^b	110.82±4.43^c	299.94±12.00^b	104.95±4.20^c	343.17±13.73^a
	Glutamic acid	603.87±24.15^d	1,233.90±49.36^c	473.98±18.96^e	1,416.23±56.65^b	465.06±18.60^e	1,676.82±67.07^a
	Sarcosine	22.42±0.90^a	16.92±0.68^b	29.86±1.19^a	17.23±0.69^b	22.53±0.90^a	24.60±0.98^a
	Aminoadipic acid	34.75±1.39^c	49.76±1.99^b	32.10±1.28^c	49.88±2.00^b	37.06±1.48^c	59.46±2.38^a
	Glycine	59.38±2.38^c	169.16±6.77^b	56.34±2.25^c	166.36±6.65^b	58.34±2.33^c	189.96±7.60^a
	Alanine	122.93±4.92^d	277.99±11.12^c	125.45±5.02^d	373.22±14.93^a	136.18±5.45^d	331.52±13.26^b
	Citrulline	8.34±0.33^d	11.41±0.46^d	17.35±0.69^d	45.97±1.84^b	26.32±1.05^c	73.66±2.95^a
	α-aminobutyric acid	15.75±0.63b	18.69±0.75b	12.96±0.52b	30.93±1.24a	16.22±0.65b	39.78±1.59a
	Cystine	47.25±1.89^a	44.73±1.79^a	13.53±0.54^c	44.78±1.79^a	35.36±1.41^b	50.24±2.01^a
	Cystathionine	13.69±0.55^b	12.45±0.50^b	12.06±0.48^b	17.04±0.68^a	12.71±0.51^b	20.63±0.83^a
	Tyrosine	138.59±0.54^c	290.28±11.61^b	140.06±5.60^c	295.37±11.81^b	148.77±5.95^c	355.43±14.22^a
	b-alanine	34.30±1.37^c	64.83±2.59^a	38.85±1.55^c	55.15±2.21^b	41.07±1.64^c	60.28±2.41^a
	b-aminoisobutyric acid	102.19±4.09^a	57.38±2.30^d	56.55±2.26^d	66.96±2.68^c	91.37±3.65^b	82.83±3.31^b
	γ-aminobutyric acid	35.46±1.42d	24.93±1.00e	63.73±2.55c	71.95±2.88c	108.53±4.34b	129.87±5.19a
	Aminoethanol	13.96±0.56^a	8.11±0.32^b	9.97±0.40^b	15.02±0.60^a	19.44±0.78^a	21.95±0.88^a
	Hydroxylysine	11.73±0.47^a	11.70±0.47^a	8.51±0.34^b	18.00±0.72^a	16.51±0.66^a	17.85±0.71^a
	Ornithine	13.49±0.54^c	32.15±1.29^b	15.33±0.61^c	63.24±2.53^a	18.26±0.73^c	18.62±0.74^c
	Anserine	65.11±5.60^c	68.58±2.74^c	77.22±3.09^b	69.52±2.78^c	82.97±3.32^b	105.66±4.23^a
	Carnosine	18.55±0.74^a	4.41±0.18^b	7.96±0.32^b	5.20±0.21^b	5.67±0.23^b	13.72±0.55^a
	Arginine	304.17±12.17^d	533.96±21.36^b	336.92±13.48^d	459.82±18.39^c	393.39±15.74^d	641.05±25.64^a
	Totals	2,058.97±82.36^c	4,157.48±166.30^b	2,386.17±95.45^c	4,358.44±174.34^b	2,264.14±90.57^c	5,486.41±219.46^a

Essential amino acid
	Threonine	74.39±2.98^b	236.02±9.44^a	82.03±3.28^b	219.97±8.80^a	80.61±3.22^b	253.57±10.14^a
	Valine	118.78±4.75^b	326.53±13.06^a	128.11±5.12^b	311.13±12.45^a	136.11±5.44^b	376.29±15.05^a
	Methionine	57.26±2.29^b	106.29±4.25^a	59.18±2.37^b	101.51±4.06^a	68.54±2.74^b	121.12±4.84^a
	Isoleucine	112.12±4.48^b	310.30±12.41^a	109.27±4.37^b	300.45±12.02^a	120.05±4.80^b	352.14±14.09^a
	Leucine	229.71±9.19^c	496.64±19.87^b	235.06±9.40^c	487.16±19.49^b	248.56±9.94^c	586.08±23.44^a
	Phenylalanine	220.63±8.83^c	375.54±15.02^b	227.48±9.10^c	378.15±15.13^b	238.78±9.55^c	454.84±18.19^a
	Lysine	218.99±8.76^c	398.24±15.93^b	225.24±9.01^c	386.05±15.44^b	240.17±9.61^c	465.54±18.62^a
	Histidine	53.97±2.16^c	122.22±4.89^a	63.40±2.54^b	125.72±5.03^a	73.26±2.93^b	153.26±6.13^a
	Totals	1,085.85±43.34^b	2,371.77±94.87^a	1,129.77±45.19^b	2,310.14±92.41^a	1,206.07±48.24^b	2,762.84±110.51^a
Total amino acids		3,144.82±125.79^c	6,529.25±261.17^b	3,515.95±140.64^c	6,668.58±266.74^b	3,470.21±138.81^c	8,249.25±329.97^a

	Ammonia	67.09±2.68^c	102.54±4.10^a	82.77±3.31^b	112.49±4.50^a	99.34±3.97^b	141.57±5.66^a

UFD, Unfermented Doenjang (0 day).
FD, Fermented Doenjang (60 day).
All values are means of determination in three independent experiments. Means with different lowercase letters (a-f) indicate significant (p<0.05) differences of unfermented Doenjang and fermented Doenjang by Duncan’s multiple range test.
ND, not detected.